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Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic acid) description and use: Health Square: "Aspirin is an anti-inflammatory pain medication (analgesic) that is used to relieve headaches, toothaches, and minor aches and pains, and to reduce fever. It also temporarily relieves the minor aches and pains of arthritis, muscle aches, colds, flu, and menstrual discomfort. In some patients, a small daily dose of aspirin may be used to ensure sufficient blood flow to the brain and prevent stroke. Aspirin may also be taken to decrease recurrence of a heart attack or other heart problems.Do not take more than the recommended dose. Do not use aspirin if it has a strong, vinegar-like odor. If aspirin upsets your stomach, use of a coated or buffered brand may reduce the problem. Do not chew or crush sustained-release brands, such as Bayer time-release aspirin, or pills coated to delay breakdown of the drug, such as Ecotrin. To make them easier to swallow, take them with a full glass of water."
http://www.healthsqr.com/newrx/ASP1033.HTM

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Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic acid) is being used to treat heart patients: Health center online: "Not only has aspirin been used for over a century to relieve pain, but recent research has also suggested its beneficial role for many heart patients. The risk-lowering effects of aspirin have been identified in people who already have cardiovascular disease (e.g., coronary artery disease or high blood pressure). For people that do not have coronary artery disease, aspirin mainly offers pain relief, and daily doses of aspirin will not improve their cardiovascular health. First, aspirin is used to reduce the risk of heart attack because it prevents the formation of potentially dangerous blood clots. Aspirin’s ability to lower the risk of heart attack may be due to its anti-inflammatory properties."
http://www.heartcenteronline.com/myheartdr/common/articles.cfm?ARTID=351

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Taking Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic acid) could reduce risk of stroke, TIA's and heart attacks:The American Heart Association: "The American Heart Association recommends the use of aspirin in patients who have experienced a myocardial infarction (heart attack), unstable angina , ischemic stroke, or transient ischemic attacks (TIAs or "little strokes") if not contraindicated. This recommendation is based on sound clinical trial evidence showing that aspirin prevents the recurrence of clinical events such as heart attack, hospitalization for recurrent angina, second strokes, etc. Taking aspirin after the onset of known heart or blood vessel disease is commonly referred to as "secondary prevention." Clinical trial evidence isn't available to demonstrate similar benefits in patients with other forms of diagnosed vascular disease, such as peripheral vascular blockage, carotid artery narrowing, aortic atherosclerosis However, the American Heart Association's secondary prevention panel believes that such benefits are likely, and that aspirin should be considered for use in all such patients."
http://216.185.112.5/presenter.jhtml?identifier=3058

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Special warnings and drug information about Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic acid): Health and Age: "Children and teenagers should not use this medicine for chicken pox or flu symptoms before a doctor is consulted about Reye's syndrome, a rare but serious illness reported to be associated with aspirin. Do not take for pain for more than 10 days or for fever for more than 3 days unless directed by a doctor. If pain or fever persists or gets worse, if new symptoms occur, or if redness or swelling is present, consult a doctor because these could be signs of a serious condition. Do not take this product if you are allergic to aspirin, have asthma, have stomach problems (such as heartburn, upset stomach or stomach pain) that persist or recur, gastric ulcers or bleeding problems unless directed by a doctor. If ringing in the ears or loss of hearing occurs, consult a doctor before taking any more of this product. Keep this and all drugs out of the reach of children. In case of accidental overdose, seek professional assistance or contact a poison control center immediately. As with any drug, if you are pregnant or nursing a baby, seek the advice of a health professional before using this product." http://www.healthandage.com/html/res/pdr/html/05940456.htm

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Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic acid) pharmacology: Infomed: "Aspirin inhibits the cyclooxygenase and thus the prostaglandin synthesis. The drug has analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic effects. Through its effect on the thrombocyte-cyclooxygenase it inhibits the formation of a highly effective platelet (thrombocyte) aggregator and a vasoconstrictor (thromboxane A2). Since the platelets do not synthesize proteins, the effect remains demonstrable as long as the affected thrombocytes live (7-10 days).Nowadays one could do without aspirin as an analgesic and an anti-inflammatory since good alternatives are available. However, one can rarely oppose the occasional use of this inexpensive analgesic. The drug is hitherto unequalled as a platelet inhibitor and the number of significant indications in its favour has continuously grown in the last years."
http://www.infomed.org/100drugs/frames/aspfram.html

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Side effects to consider when taking Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic acid):Med Info: "The most common unwanted affect is indigestion, and so it should not be used (except on medical advice) in someone who has a peptic ulcer or has had one in the past. Also as a result of this side effect, it should be used with caution, if at all, in somebody prone to heartburn or indigestion. It is best to take aspirin after food. Skin rashes occur in some people, and sometimes with dramatic swelling of the face and mouth and difficulty breathing (anaphyllactic reaction). A very rare, but serious condition in children (Reye's Syndrome) is believed to be more likely to happen in children who have taken aspirin for mild viral symptoms. As a result, aspirin is no longer used routinely in children below the age of 12 years or for breast feeding mothers."
http://www.medinfo.co.uk/drugs/aspirin.html

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Aspirin (Asetylsalicylic acid) Action drug database info: Nurse PDR: "Exhibits antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic effects. The antipyretic effect is due to an action on the hypothalamus, resulting in heat loss by vasodilation of peripheral blood vessels and promoting sweating. Prostaglandins have been implicated in the inflammatory process, as well as in mediation of pain. Thus, if levels are decreased, the inflammatory reaction may subside.The anti-inflammatory effects are probably mediated through inhibition of cyclo-oxygenase, which results in a decrease in prostaglandin synthesis and other mediators of the pain response. The mechanism of action for the analgesic effects of aspirin is not known fully but is partly attributable to improvement of the inflammatory condition. Aspirin also produces inhibition of platelet aggregation by decreasing the synthesis of endoperoxides and thromboxanes--substances that mediate platelet aggregation. Large doses of aspirin (5 g/day or more) increase uric acid secretion, while low doses (2 g/day or less) decrease uric acid secretion. However, aspirin antagonizes drugs used to treat gout."
http://www.nursespdr.com/members/database/ndrhtml/acetylsalicylicacid.html

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Drug interactions while taking Aspirin: University of Iowa Nursing: "Anticoagulants- may depress the concentration of prothrombin in plasma and increase bleeding time.Hypoglycemic Agents- large doses of salicylates have a hypoglycemic action and enhance the effect of oral hypoglycemics. It also may affect the insulin requirements of diabetics.Uricosuric Agents- may decrease effects of probenecid, sulfinpyrazone and phenylbutazone.Spironolactone- effects may be decreased.Alcohol- has a synergistic effect with Aspirin in causing gastrointestinal bleeding.Pyrazoline Derivatives- increase risk of GI ulceration.Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Agents- Contraindicated in patients hypersensitive to these agents.Urinary Alkalizers- Decrease Aspirin effectiveness by increasing rate of salicylate renal excretion.Phenobarbital- Decreases effectiveness by enzyme induction.Phenytoin- Serum levels may be increased.Propranolol- may decrease anti-inflammatory action by competing for the same receptors.Antacids- Enteric coated aspirin should not be given with antacids since an increase in the pH of the stomach may effect the enteric coating of the tablets."
http://www.nursing.uiowa.edu/sites/adultpain/NSAIDS/ASAtech.htm

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Aspirin extra consideration for the elderly:Age Net: "Aspirin is excluded from the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA). Aspirin has been shown to cause almost twice as many gastrointestinal (GI) complications when compared to Disalcid (Salsalate), a non-preferred form of osteoarthritis therapy. Like Indocin (Indomethacin), Aspirin has numerous drug interactions which also help contribute to it's exclusionary status for OA treatment. Because of Aspirin's short half-life, dosing is every four to six hours which can be inconvenient. Usually, one 325-1000 mg dose is taken every four to six hours. Side effects may include; GI ulceration, nausea, dizziness, rash, allergic reaction, among others."
http://agenet.agenet.com/?Url=link.asp?DOC/1311

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